Turabian footnote-bibliography style, Citing and referencing tutorial, Monash University Library

The first part of the style is a footnoting system, where cited sources are indicated in the text by a superscript number (1), placed at the end of the sentence in which you refer to the source, and the corresponding source details given in a footnote at the bottom of the page. Full source details are given the first time a source is footnoted, but abbreviated in subsequent references.

Most word processing programs have an automatic footnoting system which will number footnotes consecutively, even when their original placement in the text is changed.

The second part is a bibliography at the end of the work. This should include all cited sources and any sources consulted, even if they don't appear in the footnotes. The form of the reference in the bibliography is slightly different to the form of the reference in the footnote - see the examples below. List the works in alphabetical order by the author's surname, or the title where there is no known author.

Multiple authors or editors

If a source has multiple authors or editors, list all names (up to three) in a footnote; for four or more names, list the first name with 'et al.' (eg. John Smith et al.). This applies to both full and abbreviated footnotes. List all names in the bibliography, regardless of how many there are. List the surname first for the first author or editor, but first name first for the other names.

Capitalisation

Use headline style for titles (except for foreign language titles, in which case use sentence style)

Sentence style = capitalise only the first letter of the first word of the title and sub-title and any proper nouns thereafter

Headline style = capitalise all words of the title except articles (unless they are the first or last word of the title or sub-title)

Examples

Information for books should be taken from the title page and the versa page (inside the front cover). Use the author or editor name as it is written; only use initials if the author has used initials in the publication. The edition is only noted if the source is not the first edition.

Book (by author/s)

Example: as Footnote:
#. Sylvan Barnet, A Short Guide to Writing about Art, 8th ed. (New York: Pearson Longman, 2005), 130.

#. Tom Fraser and Adam Banks, The Complete Guide to Colour (East Sussex: Ilex, 2004), 90.

Subsequent reference to the same source:
#. Barnet, A Short Guide to Writing about Art, 30.

#. Fraser and Banks, The Complete Guide to Colour, 45.

In Bibliography:
Barnet, Sylvan. A Short Guide to Writing about Art. 8th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2005.

Fraser, Tom, and Adam Banks, The Complete Guide to Colour. East Sussex: Ilex, 2004.

Book (by editor)

Example: as Footnote:
Shu Hung and Joseph Magliaro, eds., By Hand: The Use of Craft in Contemporary Art (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007).

In Bibliography:
Hung, Shu, and Joseph Magliaro, eds. By Hand: The Use of Craft in Contemporary Art. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007.

Chapter in an edited book

Example: as Footnote:
Serge Guilbaut, "Disdain for the Stain: Abstract Expressionism and Tachisme," in Abstract Expressionism: The International Context, ed. Joan Marter (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 29-50.

In Bibliography:
Guilbaut, Serge. "Disdain for the Stain: Abstract Expressionism and Tachisme." In Abstract Expressionism: The International Context, edited by Joan Marter, 29-50. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2007.

Art exhibition catalogue

Cite an art exhibition catalogue as you would a book. In your bibliography, include the name and location (s) of the exhibition following the publication data.

Example: as Footnote:
Caroline Mathieu, Monique Nonne and Ted Gott, The Impressionists: Masterpieces from the Musee D'Orsay (Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 2004)

In Bibliography:
Mathieu, Caroline, Monique Nonne, and Ted Gott. The Impressionists: Masterpieces from the Musee D'Orsay. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 2004. Published in conjunction with the exhibition "The Impressionists: Masterpieces from the Musee D'Orsay" shown at the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne, Victoria 17 June to 26 September 2004.

Journal article in print

Example: as Footnote:
Phillip Sohm, "Caravaggio's deaths," Art Bulletin 84, no. 3 (2002): 453.

William H. Truettner, "Looking at Art with Lane Faison (1907-2006)," American Art 21, no. 2, (2007): 109-111.

In Bibliography:
Sohm, Phillip. "Caravaggio's deaths." Art bulletin 84, no. 3, (2002): 449-468.

Truettner, William H. "Looking at Art with Lane Faison (1907-2006)." American Art 21, no. 2 (2007): 109-111.

Newspaper article

Omit page numbers because a newspaper may have several editions in which items may appear on different pages or may even be dropped.

Example: as Footnote:
Robin Usher, "Wind Beneath Wings," The Age, November 30, 2007.

In Bibliography:
Do not include in the bibliography (unless critical to your argument or frequently cited).

Newspaper article

Omit page numbers because a newspaper may have several editions in which items may appear on different pages or may even be dropped.

Example: as Footnote:
Robin Usher, "Wind Beneath Wings," The Age, November 30, 2007.

In Bibliography:
Do not include in the bibliography (unless critical to your argument or frequently cited).

One source quoted in another

If one source includes a useful quotation from another source, readers expect you to obtain the original to verify not only that the quotation is accurate, but also that it fairly represents what the original meant. If the original source is unavailable, however, cite it as "quoted in" the secondary source.

Example: as Footnote:
Louis Zukofsky, "Sincerity and Objectification," Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981

In Bibliography:
Zukofsky,Louis. "Sincerity and Objectification," Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981

Artwork as a primary source, where no image is provided in your text

Cite paintings, sculptures, photographs and other artworks only in notes. Italicise the titles of paintings and sculptures, but set the titles of photographs in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks. If only the approximate date of an artwork is known, precede the date with ca. [circa].

Use this pattern for print advertisements, cartoons, and maps, giving as much information as possible. Give the titles in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks, and identify the type of graphic if it is unclear from the title

Example: as Footnote:
Pablo Picasso, Weeping Woman, 1937, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne.

Bill Brandt, "East End Girl, Dancing the Lambeth Walk," 1938, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra.

K. W. Doggett Fine Paper, "Envirocare 100% Recycled: A Responsible Paper Choice," advertisement, Australian Creative, September 2007, 49.

Later reference to the same source:
Picasso, Weeping woman.

Brandt, "East End Girl, Dancing the Lambeth Walk"

In Bibliography:
Do not include in the bibliography.

Artwork where a photocopy of the image is provided in your text

Example: as Footnote:
Jackson Pollock, Naked Man With Knife, ca. 1938-41, oil on canvas, 127 x 91.4 cm, Tate Gallery, London. (fig. 1).

Later reference to the same source:
Pollock, Naked man with knife, (fig. 1).

In Bibliography:
Do not include in bibliography.

Artwork cited from a book

Example: as Footnote:
Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa (La Gioconda), ca. 1503-5 in M. Laclotte, Favorite old master paintings from the Louvre Museum, Paris (New York, Abbeyville, 1979) 31.

In Bibliography:
Do not include in the bibliography.

Artwork cited from online exhibition

Example: as Footnote:
Martin Puryear, Ladder for Booker T. Washington, 1996, The Museum of Modern Art Exhibitions 2007 website, http://moma.org/exhibitions/exhibitions.php?id=3961 (accessed December 4, 2007).

In Bibliography:
Do not include in the bibliography.

Non-print sources: videorecordings

Example: as Footnote:
Maya Lin: A Strong Clear Vision, DVD, directed by Frieda Lee Mock (New York: New Video, 2003).

In Bibliography:
Maya Lin: A Strong Clear Vision, DVD, directed by Frieda Lee Mock. New York: New Video, 2003.

Non-print sources: CD-ROM or DVD-ROM

Example: as Footnote:
Total Textures 5: Dirt and Graffiti, CD-ROM (3DTotal.com, 2005).

In Bibliography:
Total Textures 5: Dirt and Graffiti CD-ROM. Worchester, UK: 3DTotal.com, 2005.

Electronic book

Example: as Footnote:
Jennifer Craik, The Face of Fashion: Cultural Studies in Fashion (London: Taylor & Francis, 1994), http://www.netlibrary.com/Reader/ (accessed July 3 2006).

In Bibliography:
Craik, Jennifer. The Face of Fashion: Cultural Studies in Fashion. London: Taylor & Francis, 1994. http://www.netlibrary.com/Reader/ (accessed July 3 2006).

Online journal (if in .pdf format, cite as for a printed journal)

Example: as Footnote:
Anne Loxley, "Tracey Moffatt," Modern Painters 17, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 127-8, http://web5.silverplatter.com/webspirs/start.ws?customer=c167477 (accessed July 4 2006).

In Bibliography:
Loxley, Anne. "Tracey Moffatt." Modern Painters 17, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 127-8. http://web5.silverplatter.com/webspirs/start.ws?customer=c167477 (accessed July 4 2006).

Website

Include as much information about the website as is available (author, title, owner of the site, URL, access date).

Example: as Footnote:
National Gallery of Victoria, "National Gallery of Victoria," National Gallery of Victoria, http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/ (accessed November 21, 2007).

"Hedda Morrison Photographic Collection," Powerhouse Museum, http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/heddamorrison/ (accessed November 21, 2007).

In Bibliography:
National Gallery of Victoria. "National Gallery of Victoria." National Gallery of Victoria. http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/ (accessed November 21, 2007).

"Hedda Morrison Photographic Collection." Powerhouse Museum. http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/heddamorrison/ (accessed November 21, 2007).

Online exhibition

Example: as Footnote:
National Library of Australia, "The Flower hunter: Ellis Rowan", National Library of Australia, http://www.nla.gov.au/exhibitions/ellisrowan/home.html (accessed June 30, 2008).

In Bibliography:
National Library of Australia, "The Flower hunter: Ellis Rowan", National Library of Australia, http://www.nla.gov.au/exhibitions/ellisrowan/home.html (accessed June 30, 2008).

Didactic panel at an exhibition

Example: as Footnote:
National Gallery of Victoria, New Suburb, 1954. Didactic panel to accompany the painting "New Suburb, 1954" shown at the John Brack Exhibition, Ian Potter Centre: NGV Australia, 24 April - 9 August 2009. Visited on 1 August 2009.

In Bibliography:
Do not cite in the Bibliography

YouTube video

Example: as Footnote:
Peakdavid, "Chicago-Turabian Footnote and EndNote Citation formats, Part 1." Online video clip, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_ePYMR5nJU (accessed 28 May 2009).

In Bibliography:
Peakdavid. "Chicago-Turabian Footnote and EndNote Citation formats, Part 1." Online video clip, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_ePYMR5nJU (accessed 28 May 2009).